The primary purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of externally applied vanillic acid (VA) on growth, osmoprotectants accumulation, and the oxidative defense system of two cabbage cultivars (Cbs-174F1 and Hcb-1040-B) under water stress. The imposition of scarcity of water at the rate of 60% field capacity led to a notable decrease in cabbage plant biomass along with their lengths. Furthermore, a remarkable reduction was observed in total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a and b pigments in both leaves and heads of the cabbage under water scarcity. Concurrently, there was an increase in leaf free proline, total phenolics, total soluble proteins, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) under drought stress. Foliar-applied vanillic acid (2.0 and 4.0 mM) resulted in significant enhancement in all the observed growth attributes. Moreover, there was an improvement in chlorophyll and ascorbic acid contents, along with the activities of POD, CAT and SOD enzymes in both leaves and heads of cabbage, particularly in limited supply of water. Foliar spray of VA also led to an increased accumulation of proline, total phenolics, and total soluble proteins in both leaves and heads of both cabbage cultivars. VA application also resulted in reducing the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and relative membrane permeability. In a comprehensive view, the positive influence of externally applied VA on cabbage plant growth had been due to enhanced osmoprotectants accumulation and antioxidant defense system especially by lowering H2O2 and MDA contents under water deficit conditions.

Rapid propagation of commercially important species can be achieved through plant tissue culture techniques. It is gaining importance in breeding methods due to its speedy process. Also, various stress conditions can be provided through this process to study the adoptive mechanisms of different plant species to stress. Mild drought stress increases the production of some valuable plant compounds have medicinal importance. Stevia rabaudiana is an important medicinal plant. It contains steviol glycoside, which is a natural sweetening agent. It has zero calories and is considered about 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This plant has also famous for its antioxidant activity. Mild stress conditions increase the production of plant secondary metabolites. PEG is a compound used to induce drought stress in culture media under In vitro conditions. For this purpose, five levels of PEG-6000, i.e., control, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% (w/v), were used in the culture medium. Cultured jars were kept for 45 days, and then different traits were evaluated, such as shoot length, fresh and dry weight of shoot, the total number of leaves per plant, chlorophyll content, phenol, flavonoids, SOD, POD, CAT, APX, MDA, proline, itsantioxidant activity, steviol glycosides, number of roots, and root length. The morphological traits were highly affected by PEG concentration. We found that drought stress improved enzymatic activity, and the level of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, POD, CAT, and APX, increased to a certain extent, but further increases in the stimulated drought stress declined it. Proline content and MDA level also increased in the drought stressed plants. Similarly, it increased biochemical compounds such as phenols and flavonoids and improved antioxidant activity. Furthermore, it was found that the steviol glycoside contents were also increased by stimulated drought stress. These results suggested that the biosynthesis of steviol glycoside can be enhanced by using stimulated drought stress as an elicitor

Jatropha curcas L. (J. curcas) is an emerging biodiesel plant attracting the interest of researcher around the globe. The current study was performed to enhance the growth of J. curcas under water logged and drought stress condition through application of phytohormones. We treated the plants with 100 mM and 250 mM Indole acetic acid (IAA) and Gibberellic acid (GA) exogenously. The study was performed in pots in summer and winter separately. The results showed that, all the plants died in the winter due to frost condition which showed that J. curcas was highly susceptible to low temperature and frost condition. Further experiment was carried out on the plants grown in summer. Both the hormones increased the plant height under both the stresses while the length of root was considerably increased by GA in the water logged and drought stress conditions compared to IAA. The root and shoot fresh and dry weight were enhanced significantly by GA 250 mM.. Leaves and branches number, and stem diameter were greatly affected by water logging and drought stress, however both the hormonal application increased these parameters. Further the results showed that, GA 250 mM highly increased the proximate compositions in both the stresses followed by IAA 250 mM. These results collectively demonstrate that the external administration of IAA and GA stimulates the growth and development of J. curcas under conditions of waterlogging and drought stress by modulating various morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters

Currently, there are multiple reports of the use of microorganisms to remove hydrocarbons. However, few reports evaluate the effect of benzene, toluene, and xylene on microalgae growth. Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene are aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures, commonly known as BTX. For this work, the effect of different concentrations of benzene, toluene, and xylene on microalgal growth was evaluated, starting with an inoculum of 8 x106 cel/ml, after that, the microalgae were cultivated for 8 days, during which a cell count was performed, and the kinetic parameters of biomass growth were determined. The results have shown that the microalgae known as C. vulgaris had higher growth in the presence of Toluene at 0.50 mg/l, meanwhile, the benzene and xylene treatments in the concentrations used, were under the control treatment

 

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L,) is one of the major cultivated legume crops that is used as a source of nutrition for both humans and animals. Zinc is the micronutrient highly beneficial, and its cultivation area is widely spread all over the world, but it is mainly cultivated in the arid and semi-arid areas com. The experiment was conducted at the research area of Post Graduate Agriculture Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. Seeds of two chickpea varieties (Bittle 2016, Noor, 2019) were collected from Ayoub Agricultural Research Institute Faisalabad, Pakistan. Zinc sulphate was used as a source of zinc and was applied foliar at (0, 100, 200 and 300ppm) under normal conditions. Physiological (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) and growth attributes (fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, root length, leaf area and number of pods per plant) analysis were determined application at different levels also varies the results, increased the yield with the increase in Zn quantity. However, adequate supply of Zn 200-300 ppm improved the 35% water holding capacity and enzymatic activities, photosynthesis, and accumulation of free leaf proline. The increasing levels of treatments also enhanced the seed quality and production.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is a major leguminous grain mostly cultivated in semi-arid and arid regions. Thus, cowpea production is usually hampered by abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity.  In this study, three local cowpea cultivars (Asontem, Kirkhouse, and Wangkae) were screened for their tolerance to water deficit stress, salt stress, and combined drought and salt stress. Plant growth, as measured by plant height and internode length, was negatively impacted by the applied stresses in all the cowpea varieties tested. The Asontem cultivar showed better growth characteristics under severe drought and salt stress. With respect to yield parameters, the Asontem cultivar recorded the highest mean seed number per pod under the various levels of drought and salt stress applied except under combined salt and drought stress treatment where Kirkhouse recorded the highest value for the same yield parameter (mean seed number per pod).  Asontem and Kirkhouse accumulated more phenols than the Wangkae cultivar under severe drought stress.  Kirkhouse recorded the highest phenolic content (7.677± 0.0150 mg GAE/ L) under 50 mM NaCl whereas the highest for Asontem (7.486 ± 0.301 mg GAE/ L) was detected under 150 mM NaCl concentration. It was concluded in this study that the cultivars used in this study responded differently to imposed drought and salinity stresses. It appears that Asontem and Wangkae exhibited the most and least tolerance, respectively, to drought, salinity and combined drought and salinity stresses

Heat stress can inhibit plant growth, delaying photosynthesis and nutrient uptake. Prolonged exposure can lead to wilting, reduced yields, and even plant death. Using benzyl amino purine (BAP) can be an effective technique to overcome this problem. Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) is a synthetic cytokinin crucial for plant growth, stimulating cell division and proliferation, promoting protein synthesis, and aiding in tissue culture techniques. The current study used BAP to amend Phaseolus vulgaris L. growth under heat stress. Four treatments, i.e., control, 0.001% BAP, 0.003% BAP, 0.005% BAP, were applied in 4 replications following a completely randomized design. Results showed that 0.005% BAP caused significant enhancement in Phaseolus vulgaris L., shoot length (~43%), root length (~62%), shoot fresh weight (~71%), root fresh weight (~90%), shoot dry weight (~29%), and root dry weight (~44%) over the control under heat stress. Compared to the control, a significant improvement in Phaseolus vulgaris L., chlorophyll a (~54%), chlorophyll b (~38%), and total chlorophyll (~70%) validates the potential of 0.005% BAP under heat stress. Furthermore, improvement in N, P, K, and Ca concentration in leaves and roots showed the effective functioning of 0.005% BAP compared to the control in heat stress. In conclusion, 0.005% BAP is recommended as the best solution for mitigating heat stress in Phaseolus vulgaris L.

 

Effects of exogenous spermidine (Spd) (10µM) application on the biochemical enzymes and molecular effects in the Burakbey cultivar of barley were investigated both normal (distilled water) and drought (-6,30 mPA PEG 6000) conditions. It is obvious that drought stress applied to barley cultivars negatively affected plant metabolism and inhibited plant growth when all other parameters were taken into account. Under normal conditions, Spd showed an impact as if drought stress were applied to the plant at a low rate. Exogenous Spd application under drought stress alleviated the harmful effects of drought stress by showing encouraging effects on cell cycle, total protein content, malondialdehyde (MDA), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) levels. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme levels in the same group increased further after exogenous Spd application and formed a response to drought stress. As a result, it has been revealed that the application of exogenous Spd in barley can increase endogenous polyamine, antioxidant capacity, promotion of cell division, and protein content, as well as ameliorate the detrimental effects of drought stress on plant metabolism

Epigenetic mechanisms significantly influence plant stress responses, yet their role in soybean (Glycine max) responses to stress triggered by Cercospora sojina Hara infection remains unexplored. In this study, soybean strains Longpin 09-85 and Yulong 09-521, with respective high susceptibility and high resistance to C. sojina Hara infection, were analysed for differences in infection-induced DNA methylation and changes in gene expression using the methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technique. Post-infection, both strains exhibited increased genomic DNA demethylation that was significantly more pronounced in the Longpin 09-85 strain, thereby reducing the Longpin 09-85:Yulong 09-521 DNA methylation ratio. Furthermore, the difference between stress-induced methylation and demethylation changes in DNA of the susceptible strain was significantly greater than that of the resistant strain, suggesting an important role for genomic DNA methylation in soybean resistance to stress induced by C. sojina Hara infection. Analysis of the total of 22 MSAP products that were differentially methylated between strains revealed four products that encoded proteins with homologies to proteins with known functions, as well as diverse types of methylation changes occurring in response to C. sojina Hara infection-induced stress. These findings establish a foundation on which to build future investigations of molecular mechanisms governing soybean responses to C. sojina Hara-induced stress

Environmental pollution as induced by mining activities is increasingly become a problem with a great concern in many developing countries around the world. This paper reports the finding of a study undertaken to investigate the physiological and biochemical effects of heavy metals.  Futhermore, we evaluate the effects of Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), and Cadmium (Cd), on Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus L., Amaranthaceae Juss.) grown in Arid zone from Southern Tunisia. The research is conducted at 5 different sites, located at different distant populations from the Tunisian Chemical Complex (TCC) situated in Gabes. Our results showed that leaves of A. halimus were enriched following decreasing order: Cu, Zn, Pb, and Fe compared to root samples. However, and for Cd, an opposite pattern was observed and leaves showed lower mean concentration. The Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) is used to meaure the heavy metal accumulation efficiency in the plant.  For Cu, and for the 5 studied sites, BCF values >1 indicate that A. halimus is a potential heavy metal hyperaccumulator species. Regarding physiological status of the plant, heavy metals affected the different parameters of A. halimus including relative water content, chlorophyll level, lipid peroxidation and the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Oxidative stress as induced by heavy metal initiate several biochemical responses and mechanisms in A. halimus and lead to the accumulation of osmolytes and the activation of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. The concentration of heavy metals in plant tissues seem to be proportional with the magnitude of physiological and biochemical processes

In today’s world, the most serious environmental and biological problem is the contamination of agricultural lands by the heavy metals. Copper is an essential element for the normal growth of plants but its concentration can build up in soil to a level that can adversely affect plant growth. Endophytic fungi associate with plants and improve their fitness to tolerate environmental stresses. In this work, a plant growth promoting and copper tolerant endophytic fungus, Aspergillus tamari SK12, isolated from plants in contaminated areas was exposed to ultraviolet irradiation for various durations. The UV irradiated variant (UIV) showed superior growth in the absence and presence of Cu than the wild type strain. Higher biomass produced by the UIV was accompanied by greater quantities of IAA, SA, Phenols and flavonoids, enabling this strain to tolerate Cu more efficiently. Fungal capabilities to alleviate Cu stress in Abelmoschus esculentus. When okra seedlings were exposed to 750 ppm of Cu, root and shoot growth were reduced to 64% and 30.4% of the control. Both the wild type and UIV endophytes were beneficial for the growth of okra seedlings where growth remained higher than the control even in the presence of 750 ppm of Cu. The mutant strain effectively colonized roots of seedlings and absorption of copper from soil to root was also cut down to 50% of the wild SK12. The UIV colonized seedlings also kept ROS levels in normal range with the help of peroxidase enzyme and the non-enzymatic antioxidants i.e. Phenols and flavonoids. The UIV inoculated also accumulated up to higher levels of IAA and SA than control and wild strain. These Hormones increases ROS scavenging by increasing antioxidant activities and protect seedlings against Cu stress by reducing lipid peroxidation and the malondialdehyde levels. All these features enabled the endophyte (UIV) associated seedlings to grow normally even in the presence of 750ppm of Cu. We concluded that UIV strain had the ability to alleviate Cu stress in okra seedlings in multiple way; from reducing its uptake to improved ROS scavenging system through enhanced antioxidant activities and modulation of IAA and SA

Citrus fruits are indeed one of the prime fruits of Pakistan. The decline of citrus orchards due to gummosis became a potential threat to successful production of fruit during the last few years and is now continuously hammering farmer’s as well as the economy of Pakistan. In field, control of gummosis is significantly depending on quick and exact detection of Phytophthora nicotianae. The current study used a highly sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) test with hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) as a fluorescent indicator to detect P. nicotianae. On the basis of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α) sequence of P. nicotianae, four different specific LAMP primers were designed. The LAMP assay showed positive results on different 40 isolates of P. nicotianae that were collected from different districts of Punjab, Pakistan. While none of the cross reaction was seen with other different pathogens. From 25 μL of reaction mixture, the detection frontier of P. nicotianae was 10 pg genomic DNA. It is concluded that the detection of P. nicotianae can be performed from infected tissues by the LAMP assay, which is simple, fast, sensitive and specific

The yield and oil content of rapeseed (Brassica rapa), one of the most important sources of edible oil in the world, have been significantly impacted by environmental factors. The primary objective of this research is to identify the most optimal genotype(s) with a high yield and oil content that can adapt to various environments in Bangladesh. The GE interaction was estimated using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the AMMI model. An environment-wise ANOVA demonstrated significant variations in all traits across all environments. Heritability, genetic advance as a percentage of mean, GCV, and PCV were estimated. High GCV and PCV for seed yield and total dry matter were observed in all environments. Heritability and genetic advance as a percentage of the mean were found to be high for yield plant-1 across all environments. The AMMI analysis utilized the IPCA1 (First Interaction Principal Component Axis) scores of genotypes to predict environmental stability or adaptation.  Higher IPCA1 scores indicated that a genotype was more suited to a given environment. Based on IPCA1 scores, BARI Sharisha-14 was a high-yielding, stable genotype. Under favourable conditions, BARI Sharisha-9 (G2), BARI Sharisha-15 (G4), and Sompod (G5) produced a higher yield. All genotypes in the Mymensing environment had high oil content (%). Sompod had the lowest mean seed yield across environments and was extremely environment sensitive. It was discovered that Ishwardi was better for rapeseed production than Cumilla

Cold storage and subsequent growth temperature are essential for flower bud differentiation, vegetative growth and flowering for bulbous plants. Amaryllis (Hippeastrum striatum ‘Blossom Peacock’), a perennial herbaceous bulbous plant, must undergo vernalization before blossom. In the present study, H. striatum ‘Blossom Peacock’ were stored at 7℃ for 30 and 45 days and then planted on the seedbeds with root zone temperatures of 22, 25, and 28℃. We found that no significant differences in flowering between 30 and 45 days of cold storage. Three constant root zone temperatures accelerated flowering 18 to 32 days but did not change the anthesis duration. The leaf size and the scale length at 28℃ root zone temperature were decreased by 29% compared to the control. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the roots at 22℃ were 7% and 34% higher than those in the control. The root zone temperature of 25℃ increased the length, volume, and weight of the roots most and accelerated the flowering more obviously. The results suggest that 30 days cold storage is enough for the cultivar of ‘Blossom Peacock’ and different root zone temperatures have different effects on growth and flowering, which can be selected according to the market demand

Agriculture and food security are seriously threatened by water shortage, a worldwide problem that is quickly becoming more of a concern in many countries. By reducing water shortages and enhancing soil fertility by recycling nutrients and organic matter found in the wastewater, using municipal wastewater as an irrigation source offers the potential to address this issue. However, the high contamination of heavy metals in such wastewater is also a major concern for its usage. Despite ongoing efforts to treat municipal wastewater for agricultural use through physical, chemical, and biological methods, the use of dilution techniques remains a crucial area of study. It can minimize the toxic concentration of heavy metals in municipal wastewater via the dilution effect. In this regard, a laboratory screening experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of municipal wastewater irrigation (WWI) on the growth of 15 varieties of canola plants. The diluted WWI was applied at a rate of control (no wastewater and 1000 ml of tap water), 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The findings showed that Punjab Canola and Dunkeld seedlings had the best growth outcomes at all irrigation levels. On average, 60% of WWI emerged as the optimal dilution for enhancing canola seedling's growth and minimizing stress caused by contaminations in WWI. CON-III and AC Excel were found to be more sensitive to stress, while Punjab Canola and Dunkeld showed resistance to 100% WWI. Further investigation under pot and field conditions is required to determine the best varieties of canola and to declare 60% WWI as the appropriate dilution for using municipal wastewater as irrigation

Among micronutrients, zinc (Zn) is one of the most vital elements required for the growth and development of human and plants. The deficiency of Zn in Bangladesh’s soil is causing a huge population of the country malnourished especially due to low Zn content of pulses like mungbean. A two year’s research was conducted during pre-monsoon season of 2022 and 2023 in the Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to evaluate the seed priming for Zn biofortification of recently released eight varieties of mungbean (BARI Mug-5, BARI Mug-6, BARI Mug-7 and BARI Mug-8 were grown during 2022 year, the other four varieties named BARI Mug-2, BARI Mug-3, BARI Mug-4 and BINA Mug-8 were grown during the growth season of 2023). Mungbean seeds were soaked for 6 hours before sowing in water (hydropriming), or aerated Zn solution (as osmopriming) of 0.01M or 0.05M with 1:5 seed to liquid ratio. The results showed that seed priming with 0.01M Zn remained unmatched by improving the yield attributes including plant height and number of primary branches per plant and grain yield of mungbean. In addition, seed priming with water and 0.01M Zn solution increased the grain yield by 7 and 15% and grain Zn concentrations by 9 and 14%, respectively compared to control. Overall, BARI Mug-3, BARI Mug-5 and BARI Mug-6 surpassed rest of varieties in terms of grains Zn content. Although Zn enrichment in mungbean grain was observed from the crops grown with primed seed through 0.05M Zn solution, but the performance of plant growth, yield traits and grain yield were noticed significantly poor. Based on recorded findings, it may be recommended that mungbean seeds might be primed with low concentrated zinc solution like 0.01M to attain better stand development and yield attributes, grain yield and grain Zn content

The use of biological fertilizers can reduce farmer’s dependence on chemical fertilizers which are known to pollute the environment. The most widely used and commercially produced fungal group for biological fertilizers is Trichoderma spp. This study aims to determine the effect of the application Trichoderma spp. on the growth of gogo rice and paddy rice plants in the early vegetative phase. The pot study was conducted at the Biology Laboratory, State University of Padang in 2020. This research was an experimental study using completely randomized design with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Parameters observed were shoot length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, and plant height. The rice seedlings were inoculated with the suspension Trichoderma 10 mL at a density of 107 spores/mL for 24 hours. Measurements of shoot length, root length, fresh weight and dry weight were carried out when the rice plants were two weeks old and plant height was measured after the rice was eight weeks old. Gogo rice plant response to administration Trichoderma isolate SB_Solok showed significant performance for root length parameter on AA75 variety, but not significant for other parameters. Paddy rice plant response to administration Trichoderma isolate TS_Solok only increased significantly for the wet weight parameter of the Batang Sungkai variety. Trichoderma isolates KRT_PasBar and SBT_PasBar only significantly increased the plant height parameter for the Batang Sungkai variety. The research results also show the application of all isolates Trichoderma can improve all the parameters observed in lowland rice of the Batang Sungkai variety

Thermostability is an important attribute and a prerequisite for the enzymes used in industrial processes. Aspergillus oyzae has the potential to produce proteases for industrial applications. In this study, A. oryzae mutants were used to identify hyper-producers of thermostable proteases. Initially, 22 mutants were selected on the basis of their growth performance, cultured on 1% skimmed milk media plates and Clearing Indexes (CI). Five mutants with higher ‘CI’ were selected for submerged fermentation employing 1% casein as substrate and following growth conditions were used: pH 6.5, temperature 30°C and shaking at 150 rpm for 84 hr. Irreversible thermostability was determined at 65°C using pseudo-first order plots. Mutant strain M-120(3) showed highest production and thermostability of protease compared to control and other mutants with half-life (t½) of 125 min. Effect of temperature and substrate concentration on growth kinetics of Mutant M-120(3) were determined showing optimum temperature of 32°C with a specific growth rate (µ) of 0.037h-1 and specific rate of product formation (qp) of 0.31 (U g-1h-1). Kinetics and thermodynamic parameters confirmed that mutant strain M-120(3) required less activation energy (Ea) to produce protease enzyme (Eap = 65.22 kJ mol-1) and cell mass (Eax = 29.074 kJ mol-1) than control strain. It had low maximum specific rate of cell mass formation (µmax) 0.043 kJ mol-1 and higher maximum specific rate of product formation (qp) 1.07 kJ mol-1. These parameters confirmed that Mutant M-120(3) had great potential for commercial scale production of thermostable proteases for industrial application

Sucrose is not only the main photosynthetic product and energy substance in plants, but also an important signaling molecule that regulates plant growth and development. Because sucrose in plants is easily hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose, whose signal transduction pathways are not completely the same as those of sucrose. In this study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform was used to perform transcriptome and expression profile sequencing in wheat leaves treated with sucrose, glucose and fructose, respectively. A total of 1327 (711 up-regulated and 616 down-regulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that specifically responded to sucrose were screened by comparative transcriptome analysis. Based on functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis, these differentially expressed genes were divided into four major categories, namely, transcription factors, plant hormone-related, signal-related and metabolism related. Four of the differentially expressed genes belong to three categories (transcription factors, phytohormone-related, and signal-related), and 16 of them belong to two categories: signal transduction and phytohormone. These differentially expressed genes are relevant genes independent of glucose and fructose signaling pathways, and participate in sucrose-specific signal transduction pathways. At the same time, the conclusion of this research will provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of sucrose signal transduction pathways and the illustration of their mechanism of action

Enzyme preparation was utilized to overcome the deficiencies of high nicotine content and low sugar/nicotine ratio in the upper flue-cured tobacco leaves. A strain of Paenibacillus amylolyticus with high amylase yield was screened out from the surface of tobacco leaves for the production of the enzyme preparation. To isolate and detect the intracellular substances of tobacco leaves, the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was carried out. Both cluster heatmap analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that active enzymes had an obvious effect on tobacco leaves, while the changes brought by inactivated enzymes on tobacco leaves were non-significant. Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed that active enzymes could lower the nicotine content of the upper tobacco leaves, and elevate the content of higher fatty acids, terpenoids, and their derivatives. As a result, the physiological strength and pungent odor brought by tobacco leaves were diminished, while the aroma volume and quality were enhanced. Moreover, the macromolecule-degrading enzymes in the enzyme preparation degraded the starch, pectin, and cellulose in flue-cured tobacco, contributing to a higher level of reducing sugars and thereby a higher sugar/nicotine ratio. Taken together, the present investigation presented a method to apply microbial enzyme preparations in the processing of flue-cured tobacco, thereby providing new insights into the damage reduction and quality improvement of tobacco leaves

Urban green spaces, specifically trees, have enormous potential for reducing the effects of climate change in cities by removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air. Developing such green spaces on large university campuses can help mitigate the effects of rising greenhouse gas emissions and provide several other benefits. A case study was conducted to estimate the carbon stock and carbon sequestration potential (CSP) through the non-destructive approach, in the aboveground and belowground components of all live trees situated on the main campus of the Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), Multan. We measured tree height and diameter at the breast height (DBH) of individual trees and applied allometric equations for the estimation of carbon storage. The campus harbors an extensive variety of 35 distinct tree species, collectively contributing to the total CSP of around 564.9 tons. Total tree biomass ranged from 247.29 tons to 35.26 tons across the whole study area. The findings also indicate that the highest total carbon (20.12 tons) was estimated for Eucalyptus camaldulensis followed by Vachellia nilotica (19.15 tons), Morus alba (15.12 tons), Azadirachta indica (12.82 tons) respectively. The lowest carbon storage capacity (0.12 tons) was demonstrated by Thevetia peruviana. This study emphasizes the significance of trees in addressing the challenges faced by colleges and universities in reducing carbon emissions in Pakistan as well as in other regions. It provides a contextual understanding of the broader role of green areas, specifically trees, in contributing to the global movement towards sustainable universities and campuses

Pollution is one of the largest threats to the planet. Human activity is the primary source of environmental contamination. Untreated tannery wastewater releases chromium (Cr) into streams, which is toxic to aquatic  life and humans. The goal of this study is to find out how spinach (Spinacia oleracea L) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) are affected by tannery effluent and how vanillic acid (VA) helps plants that are irrigated with this effluent deal with Cr stress. In this study, three different VA concentrations (0, 25, and 50 µM) and three different tannery wastewater levels (0, 50, and 100%) were used. The findings show a considerable reduction  in the morphological and physiological indices of both of these plants when they were irrigated with tannery effluent. On little-researched plants, chromium stress caused significant oxidative stress and decreased the plant’s antioxidant enzyme system. Significant concentrations of Cr were discovered in the roots of plants that received tannery effluent irrigation. The use of VA might lessen the negative consequences of Cr stress. By boosting the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reducing Cr-induced oxidative stress, vanillic acid dramatically promotes plant growth and chlorophyll content. It also enhances gas exchange characteristics and photosynthetic rate. Furthermore, the use of VA dramatically lowers Cr uptake and translocation in both plants. Vanillic acid is an effective heavy metal stress reliever for other crops

Trihelix family genes (TFGs) serve as a crucial transcription factor (TF) family influencing plant growth and development. Despite its significance, knowledge regarding TFGs in cucumber is scarce. This study uncovered the identification of 28 TFGs in cucumber, distributed across seven chromosomes and categorized into five subfamilies: SIP1, GTγ, SH4, GT-1, and GT-2. Synteny analysis revealed colinearity between 24 cucumber TFGs and 28 Arabidopsis TFGs, along with 21 cucumber TFGs and 33 rice TFGs. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated varying expression profiles of TFGs across diverse tissues, with only the CsaV3_7G033160 gene remaining unexpressed in all tissues. Expression pattern analysis of cucumber TFGs under different types of abiotic stress (AbS) and biotic stress (BS) such as high-temperature, chilling, salt, waterlogging, downy mildew, powdery mildew, Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium wilt, root-knot nematode and angular leaf spot treatments showed that the differential expression of CsaV3_3G033700 gene under 6 types of AbS and BS, while CsaV3_3G036680 and CsaV3_6G004030 genes had differential expression under 5 types of AbS and BS, indicating their pivotal roles in cucumber growth and development. This comprehensive study on the identification, evolution, and expression patterns of the TFG provides valuable insights into potential candidates for breeding stress-resistant cucumber varieties, laying important foundation for future investigations into the molecular biological functions of cucumber TFGs.

 

The history of modern wheat and its relation with ancestral species have remained major concern for the evolutionist. Evolutionary path of wheat ancestors and modern wheat were studied using phenotypic data pool. Twenty three wheat species including ancestral and modern species were characterized for basic traits. Replicated phenotypic data on panel of 23 species were recorded, analyzed, pooled and dendrogram was developed. The clustering of species divided the 23 species into two main groups A and B. Group A contained four species Aegilops biuncialis, Aegilops ovata, Aegilops vavilovii and Aegilops variabilis. The group B consisted of 19 species. Group B had four sub clusters. First sub-cluster had Triticum monococum, T. polonicum, Hordeum vulgare-1, H. vulgare-2 and T. compactum. Second sub-cluster had T. durum, T. sphaerococum-1, T. sphaerococcum-2, T. sphaerococcum and T. aestivum. Third sub-cluster had T. dicoccum, T. spelta, T. dicoccoides and Triticale. Fourth Sub- cluster had T. turgidum-1, T. turgidum-2, T. turgidum-3, T. turgidum-4 and T. turgidum-5. The species in the same sub cluster such as of sub-cluster-1 were more similar to each other compared to other sub clusters viz., 2, 3, 4 and 5. Hence modern wheat i.e., Triticum aestivum is lying in sub-cluster 2 in the group of Triticum sphaeroccocum and Triticum durum species. The findings showed that Triticum durum has lineage of ancestral history with modern wheat. Exploration of evolutionary path of modern wheat Triticum aestivum L., will be helpful in successfully improving wheat crop for various diverse traits

 

Cuscuta is a genus of parasitic plants that negatively impact crops and valuable timber trees. Ecological surveys are needed to improve our understanding of the Cuscuta-host relationships and to monitor such losses. In this study, Karak, Kohat and Bannu districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan were explored to determine the host range and host preferences of Cuscuta species. Two species, C. campestris Yunck. and C. reflexa Roxb. were documented. Cuscuta campestris was found parasitic on 12 plant species representing 12 genera and nine families, while, C. reflexa was found parasitic on 11 plant species representing 10 genera and nine families. Both species are generalist species with Shannon Weiner Index values of 1.42 for C. reflexa and 2.22 for C. campestris. Rhamnaceae was the preferred host family for C. reflexa while Asteraceae had the highest number of host species for C. campestris. It is inferred that the two Cuscuta species have a diverse host range with little host overlap, clearly exhibiting taxonomic resource partitioning to minimize interspecies competition when they occur in sympatry

The identification of both the extent and potential biogeographical distribution of a plant species is imperative for elucidating the crucial environmental factors that influence its habitat. In the present study, MaxEnt modeling was used for predicting the possible distribution range of China’s endangered species, Cycas segmentifida, based on 8 selected environmental variables and 38 validated distribution records under current climatic conditions. The jackknife statistical method was employed with percentage contribution and permutation importance to elucidate pertinent factors limiting the potential C. segmentifida distribution. The Maxent model indicated better results than the random with an average AUC 0.994. According to species response curves, C. segmentifida preferred habitats with temperature seasonality of 420 to 640℃, and the warmest quarter’s precipitation from 540 to 780 mm. Currently, the primary potential distribution areas include Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces in Southwest China, with the greatest effect on the C. segmentifida distribution area. The results of this research could offer scientific guidance to improve the conservation and management of this declining species

Verbascum akarkoeyense (Scrophulariaceae) is described as new species from Central Anatolia, Türkiye. The diagnostic and morphological characteristics of the new species and its closest relatives V. orgyale and V. microsepalum are discussed. Pollen characters, seed morphology, conservation status and geographical distribution of the new species are also provided. V. akarkoeyense appears to be sharply different from by closest related species by unbranched stem, oblong to oblanceolate basal leaves, racemose inflorescences, outside of corolla and fruit covered with sparsely stellate hairs

Caryopsis of 18 species belonging to 13 genera of 2 tribes i.e., Andropogoneae and Eragrostideae (Poaceae) from Karachi-Pakistan were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Micro and macromorphological characters of caryopsis like size, shape, apex, base, ribs, surface and stylopodium were studied. Both the tribes were characterized usually by having stylopodium and basal hilum but this data could not be utilized alone to distinct both the tribes. However, it was found that each genus and species had specific set of caryopsis characters. The data was also analyzed numerically. It was found useful to find out the taxonomic relationship at specific level. However, the findings based on numerical analysis were not significant enough at tribal and generic levels

In this study, we acquired 234 barcoding sequences (78 rbcL, 78 matK, 78 ITS2) representing 49 species of 28 genera in the family Cactaceae. Then we evaluated the discriminatory power of three DNA barcode regions (rbcL, matK, and ITS2) in species of the family Cactaceae using three methods, BLAST, genetic distance, and neighbour-joining trees. In BLAST analysis, the matK barcode region had the highest identification rate at the generic and species levels (83.33% and 50%, respectively). With the closest genetic distance method, the barcode combination groups had higher discrimination rates than any individual barcode region, of which the three barcodes’ combination (rbcL + matK + ITS2) obtained the highest identification rate (52.56%). In neighbour-joining analysis, the phylogenetic tree generated with the ITS2 region had the highest discrimination rate (92.31%), and the best barcode combination group was the rbcL + matK (87.18%). An overlap between the intra- and interspecific distances was observed from DNA barcoding gap analysis. Our results showed that the matK region had a better efficiency in identification at the generic and species levels in the family Cactaceae. Additionally, we strongly recommend using the ITS2 as a DNA barcode region in this family due to its high classification ability in constructing phylogenetic treess.

 

The significance of palyno-anatomical features in characterizing Boraginaceous taxa from the arid regions is determined. The pollen micromorphology is carried out utilizing LM and SEM. For petiole anatomy, the sections were prepared using Shandon microtome and visualized under LM. The distinct significant palynological characters are hetropolarity, isocolpate, heterocolpate, porocolpate, polar, equatorial views, shape class, Amb, and exine ornamentation. Similarly, the petiole outline, cell shapes, number of layers, air spaces, and arrangement of vascular bundles are important distinguished anatomical features. Significant diagnostic variations were observed in the analyzed palyno-anatomical features, which efficiently differentiated the species within the same genera of Heliotropium, Rochelia, as well as the varieties of the single species Lappula spp., L. spinocarpos, L. spinocarpos subsp. ceratophora, O. limitanea var. limitanea, O. limitanea var. major, P. intermedium var. intermedium, P. intermedium var. calathicarpum. The quantitative data is compiled into a matrix, and subjected to statistical analysis via NCSS. The boxplot analysis identified the outliers in the data which assisted in taxa discrimination. The species of Heliotropium and Paracaryum were in the same cluster. In contrast, those of Onosma, Rochelia, and Lappula were in the different clusters in the hierarchal cluster analysis. The highest positive correlation existed between the polar axis with the equatorial diameter and mesocolpium with the polar length of the colpi. Meanwhile, exine thickness and equatorial width of colpi were negatively correlated. This research will help in the creation of pollen atlas and petiole anatomical documentation for the accurate identification of Boraginaceous taxa

To highlight the importance of medicinal plants used by the local communities, ethnomedicinal research is significant. This research aimed to collect data about the plants that local populations in six Tehsils of the District Buner utilized to prepare herbal teas that were used for treating different ailments. Through a semi-structured questionnaire, face-to-face interviews and group interviews with the informant were conducted. The quantification of the data was done using the informant consensus factor (ICF). From 2018 to 2021, ethnomedicinal information was collected about 125 plant species after interviewing 853 informants. Most of the ethnomedical information came from people with an age range from 50 to 59. With 15 species, the Lamiaceae family was the dominant one. Out of 125 plant species, medicinal uses of 45 species were reported from all six tehsils. Furthermore, the medicinal uses of six species were reported from one-one tehsil. Moreover, for 78 species new medicinal uses are reported. Similarly, for the first time, this study reports six medicinal plants used for the treatment of corona disease from the study area. The highest ICF value is calculated for Urological diseases (0.94). Based on the results, it can be speculated that the native community still regularly uses medicinal plants to treat a range of illnesses

The Asteraceae family, which includes some economically and medicinally important plant species such as sunflower (Helianthus annus), salad leaves (Lactuca sativa) and Artemisia species has been a focus of DNA barcoding research due to the challenges in identifying these species using traditional morphological methods. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate the ability of the DNA barcodes targeting chloroplast genomic regions i.e., Riboluse-1,5- Biphosphate Carboxylase/ Oxygenase Large subunit (rbcL), and Maturase K (matK) for several plant species belonging to family Asteraceae collected from Juniper ecosystem Ziarat, Pakistan. The overall results indicated that both matK and rbcL markers successfully amplified the targeted regions and sequenced.  During species resolution, matK (70% and 82%) showed better results compared to rbcL (42% and 48%) through BLASTN analysis and Neighbor Joining tree analysis respectively. Interspecific and Intraspecific divergence showed 100% discrimination by both markers while matK showed 63% success in discriminating species within a genus compared to rbcL (50%). A total of 22 novel barcodes which were found effective in discriminating and identifying the evolutionary links among the species under study were finally developed and submitted to the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD).

 

 

Climate change has severely affected the moist and dry temperate forests of Hindu Kush region, northern Pakistan, specifically impacting the distribution and growth of the west Himalayan fir, known as Abies pindrow. This species, an important representative of the area, is facing significant abiotic stress as a result of rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns. We determined whether there is any correlation between the variability of Abies pindrow tree rings and the corresponding variability of the climate factors in the Hindu Kush region. Sixty-three tree ring cores were collected from thirty-one trees of Abies pindrow and developed a tree ring width chronology (AD 1666–2022) for the Dir Upper, Hindu Kush region, northern Pakistan. Radial growth was correlated with climate factors such as temperature, precipitation, Diurnal temperature range (DTR), and Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) in order to identify the major limiting factor for the tree's growth. Precipitation was found to be the most important and driving element influencing the tree growth of Abies pindrow. Precipitation from January to May and winter-spring precipitation had shown significant correlations (p≤0.05) with the radial growth of Abies pindrow. These findings suggest that the sum of precipitation during these periods greatly influences the growth of Abies pindrow. In contrast, temperature does not appear to have a strong impact on radial growth. Other factors, such as DTR and PDSI, have shown weak or insignificant correlations with Tree-Ring Width (TRW), except for a significant negative association between August DTR and TRW.

The study findings suggested that the growth of Abies pindrow in the study area was more sensitive to precipitation rather than temperature, DTR, and PDSI. These results highlighted the importance of further dendroclimatological research and climate reconstruction utilizing the tree-ring chronology developed in this study. Such investigations can provide valuable insights into the past climate variations and help understand the long-term ecological dynamics of Abies pindrow forests

Cannabis sativa is an important medicinal plant that belongs to family Cannabaceae. Once considered native to Asian countries but now it is cultivated worldwide. This review article covers Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Cannabis sativa. About 200 research and review articles were screened and date was taken from more than 50 research and review articles using Google Scholar, Pubmed, Research gate and Science direct. In ancient time, people use it to relieve stress but with the isolation of compounds many new uses of cannabis have been reported. Preparation from different parts of the plants have been used to treat vomiting, epilepsy and many other diseases. More than 500 compounds have been isolated from it. Cannabinoids are considered as major bioactive compounds responsible for medicinal use of Cannabis sativa. Terpenes form the second largest class of compounds along with phenols, alkaloids and flavonoids. Different methods have been used for the extraction, purification and identification of these bioactive compounds from different parts of the plant. These methods kept on improving with the passage of time. Due to large number of bioactive compounds, it has wide range of uses in traditional system of medicine. Plant has excellent antiepileptic, antiemetic, activities along with its usage for treatment of gastrointestinal problems

Pteridophytes have been identified as resistant to microbial infections, which may be attributed to the presence of various phytocompounds. The current study focused on the Asplenium dalhousieae Hook for detailed morphological, pharmacognostic, and phytochemical evaluation. Here we used the fresh and powdered fronds of Asplenium dalhousieae for its macroscopic and microscopic characterization. Phytochemical investigations were carried out by using ethanolic, methanolic, and distilled water extracts. Antimicrobial, phytotoxic, and antioxidant properties were assessed using crude methanolic extracts. The macroscopic characteristic of the plant revealed a dark green color, smooth powdered medicine texture, and an aromatic odor. Different types of cells and their micrometry were detected in microscopic features, confirming that the Asplenium dalhousieae has a wide range of cells such as subsidiary cells, scalariform arteries, desmocytic stomata, and polygonal epidermal cells. Phytochemical analysis showed the existence of multiple phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, alkaloids, coumarin, anthraquinones, quinones, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and saponins. Subsequently, plant antimicrobial response against various bacterial and fungal strains (Streptococcus mitis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella typhi and Carvularia, Fusarium, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Aspergillus) determined a significant response when compared with standard drug ciprofloxacin and miconazole respectively. The phytotoxic response against the test plant Lemna minor indicated 75% growth of inhibition revealing potent herbicidal aptitude. Further, antioxidant potential revealed 34% inhibition by DPPH and 55.7% inhibition by phosomolybdate complex assay. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the promising therapeutic applications of Asplenium dalhousieae in diverse medical contexts, highlighting its substantial potential for future research and development. Further studies on Asplenium dalhousieae are needed to identify and isolate cytotoxic chemicals, as well as to use TLC methods to aid the production of natural bioactive compounds

A field experiment to investigate the impact of mineral fertilizers, organic manure along with microbial inoculant on agronomic attributes, soil properties and enzyme activities on wheat quantitative and qualitative attributes. The experiment was laid in Randomized Complete Block Design with split plot arrangement. Bio–inoculants (Biozote Max and Biozote) were assigned to the main plots, while organo – chemical amendments including press mud @ 5 t ha-1 + ½ RDF, Poultry Manure @ 5 t ha-1 + ½ RDF, FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + ½ RDF, NPK @ 90: 120: 150 kg ha-1 were allocated to sub plots. Soil phosphate contents, growth, physiology, and yield of wheat and enzyme activities were studied. Result of the study showed that biozote max gave higher vale for various parameters namely plant height (91.3 cm), number of tillers per plant (9.96), thousand grain weight (42.15g) and straw yield (37.33 t ha-1). While the grain yield (5.33 t ha-1) and harvest index (51.33) were recorded highest in the NPK treated plots along with biozote max. Biochemical parameters showed highest chlorophyll content (2.86 SPAD value) and P – uptake (9.88 mg kg-1) in FYM integrated with biozote max plots, while the percent protein content (12%) was found maximum in NPK along biozote max. Soil Parameters including soil pH, Electrical conductivity and Bulk density were significantly reduced 8.17, 1.24 µScm-1 and 1.41 g cm-3 respectively by the application of different amendments. The Nutrients content was also significantly changed by the application of organic amendments with Rhizobacterial inoculation. The Acid and Alkaline Phosphatase activity was significantly changed, acid phosphatase was recorded higher in treatment where inorganic fertilizer was applied, while Alkaline Phosphatase was higher in Poultry manure treated plots along with inoculants. These results reflect that organic amendments, inorganic fertilizer and inoculants have significant role in improvement of soil physico – chemical properties, nutrients content and activity of enzyme phosphatase

The utilization of botanical flora and plant-derived therapeutics is extensively prevalent within indigenous communities globally. Furthermore, in contemporary society, there is a growing inclination to embrace these natural sources as supplements or alternatives to synthetic pharmaceutical agents. This ongoing investigation is concerned with the comprehensive examination of phytochemical constituents, molecular attributes, and antibacterial efficacy inherent to the Ilex dipyrena plant. The investigation revealed that the plant's butanol fraction exhibited good antibacterial activity, particularly against E. faecalis, when compared to various other extracts and bacterial strains under scrutiny, presenting a zone of inhibition of 26.00±0.33 mm. The botanical specimen demonstrated substantial composition of flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, and tannins. Additionally, minute quantities of alkaloids, proteins, and lipids were discerned. Commendable antioxidant activity has been shown by the butanol fraction both in DPPH and ABTS methods. In DPPH assay, the butanol fraction has displayed the highest antioxidant activity as 91.36% inhibition while in ABTS test, the inhibition noted was 88.88% at 1000 µg/ml with the IC50 value of 20.91 µg/ml. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis has revealed the presence of significant bioactive compounds within the samples. These compounds include coumaran, 2-Hexyl hydroperoxide, Proline, 5-0xo, methyl ester, 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxyl-1-propnyl)-2-methoxyphenol, Cinnamic acid p-hydroxy-methyl ester, Tetradecanoic acid, 1-Octadecyne, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) propionic acid, Linoleic acid, methyl ester, Phytol, 9-12,15-octadecatrienoic acid and Octadecanoic acid

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is the main disease in cucumber cultivation in northern China. In the early stage of laboratory, a biocontrol strain Penicillium halotolerans (Ph-120) with high-efficiency antagonistic effect on the pathogen was screened out from cucumber rhizosphere soil. In order to improve the antifungal activity of the fermentation broth of Ph-120 strain against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the culture conditions and fermentation conditions of Ph-120 strain were optimized by single factor test, orthogonal test and response surface methodology. The results showed that the hyphae of Ph-120 strain were affected by different single factors in the following order: temperature > nitrogen source > carbon source > pH; The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: carbon source amount 24.0g/L, nitrogen source amount 2.2g/L, fermentation temperature 25℃, and pH value 6. The antifungal rate of the fermentation broth against pathogen was 94.6% after optimization in model verification experiment, which was 16.7% higher than that under the optimization condition. The experiment provide a theoretical basis for that development of biopesticide

Sugarcane is a valuable cash crop in Pakistan. It has both industrial and economic values as it is an important source of employment and income. Various biotic and abiotic factors cause reductions in sugarcane yield worldwide. Among the diseases, sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is one of the most important diseases contributing to such yield losses. Currently, many techniques are used to develop disease-free sugarcane plantlets to enhance yield production, but In vitro propagation has proven to be the best method due to its vegetative propagation. Here, we developed SCMV-free Saccharium officinarium plantlets through callogenesis and regeneration. Four sugarcane genotypes were selected on the basis of four morphological parameters (cane yield, cane height, cane weight and brix percentage) with moderate SCMV severity. The experiment was designed as a two-factor factorial using a completely randomized design. Young leaves of six-month-old sugarcane genotypes were used as explants and cultured on MS medium using four different concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid as treatments to create somatic variation against SCMV. The best quality callogenesis was obtained at 3mg/L of 2,4-D (T2) in all genotypes studied and genotypes SC11 and SC14 performed better than others for days-to-callus formation (22 days), callus formation percentage (72% and 73%) and callus weight (87g and 90g). Regarding shoot formation, all genotypes responded better at 1mg/L kinetin. Means comparison of genotype*treatment interaction revealed that SC1 and SC14 demonstrated the best shoot characteristics. ELISA detection indicated that SCMV-free plantlets were obtained in all sugarcane genotypes. Therefore, 3mg/L of 2,4-D is the best concentration for somatic variation in sugarcane genotypes, while 1mg/L of kinetin is the best for shoot initiation with the ultimate objective to develop mosaic virus-free plantlets to enhance sugarcane production

Tobacco Ring Spot Virus (TRSV) is a highly damaging virus that affects a variety of crops. The viral pathogen is difficult to control since it is spread by a variety of vectors Viz., aphids, whiteflies, treehoppers and grasshoppers etc. The infectious nature of TRSV is due to its coat protein (CP), which helps to protect the virus genome against chemicals. As a result, it is necessary to break its CP to control the viral disease. The CP is conserved and plays a very significant role in the formation of the viral capsid. Moreover, vector specificity is also determined by CP. Virtual screening is the most accurate method to predict inhibitors for active site residues in CP. For active site prediction on CP, we used many servers, including SOMPA, ConSurf, ConCavity, SWISS-MODEL, PHYRE2, 3-D refinement, MTI Open Screen, PyRx, and ProSA COACH. Furthermore drugs that are suitable for these active sites were identified after active site prediction. Twenty drugs, each with a unique ZINC ID number, were identified. After assessing their ADMET characteristics and carcinogenicity, suitable drugs were chosen. One of the twenty most favorable drugs for TRSV is ZINC ID-597691, which has the best ADMET characteristics and carcinogenic value. In this study, we identified a drug with ZINC ID-597691 as the most effective treatment for TRSV-related infections that has risen

In this research, we detected the citrus plants molecularly in citrus orchards. The surveys were conducted in various regions of Northern Cyprus in an area of 3.000 da citrus orchard in 2022. In field surveys, leaf samples were taken from citrus trees suspected to be symptomatically infected with citrus psorosis virus. PCR techniques used for detection and results showed four samples were positive and infected by citrus psorosis virus in Northern Cyprus. After examining the degree of affinity with other CPsV isolates previously detected in different parts of the world, it was determined that the isolate found in Cyprus was the same as CPsV-NA8 (AY194905) from Italy and two isolates from Spain, CPsV-NA35 (AM235964) and CPsV NA4 (AM 235692). At the end of the PCR studies, four samples infected with Citrus Psorosis Virus (CPsV) were determined. The remaining 41 samples gave negative results

There are different levels at which abiotic and biotic stress can interact, depending on the type of stress (ionic or osmotic), the lifestyle, the pathogen infection strategy (biotrophic or necrotrophic, infection by direct penetration through stomata, etc.), and the stage of pathogenesis. Scientists have primarily studied plant responses to individual stress, but few have explored the complex stress response in plants against combined or sequential abiotic stresses and their interaction. Understanding the regulatory networks in agronomically important crops can help design strategies for developing plants with tolerance to multiple stress combinations, considering the world population's current food needs. Stress-tolerant plant varieties can develop when one stress can mask the effects of another stress, allowing for better growth and resistance to environmental stressors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies that examine the interactive effects of combined and sequential stresses on crop plants. We assume that this work will ameliorate our understanding and elucidate the mechanism of stress tolerance in plants. Additionally, it will provide valuable insights for plant physiologists, agronomists, and molecular biologists