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Enhancing heavy metal phytoremediation from contaminated water using Arundo donax: a statistical modeling approach
Abstract
Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly approach that uses plants to remove contaminants from soil and water. This study evaluates the effectiveness of phytoremediation in treating water contaminated with lead (Pb) and examines the impact of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the growth and Pb uptake of Arundo donax. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize experimental conditions for maximum Pb removal. The results show that EDTA significantly increased Pb solubility, enhancing uptake by A. donax. Under optimal conditions, Pb removal efficiency reached approximately 92%, with a maximum Pb uptake of 1.92 mg/kg in plant tissues. The final model for Pb removal was expressed as: Sqrt (APb) = + 1.46 + 0.11A + 0.48C + 0.31D. ANOVA analysis showed that the model was statistically significant (p<0.05) with an R² value of 0.74. The results highlight the potential of EDTA-assisted A. donax for Pb phytoremediation, contributing to sustainable water decontamination strategies crucial for environmental and human health protection. The Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and Translocation Factor (BTC) for A. donax in Pb-contaminated water ranged from 2.10 to 25.11 and 0.88 to 7.92, respectively, indicating strong bioaccumulation and translocation abilities of the plant
