CHEMOTAXONOMIC STUDY OF INULA L. (S.STR.) AND ITS ALLIED GENERA (INULEAE - COMPOSITAE) FROM PAKISTAN AND KASHMIR
ABSTRACT:
Leaves of 21 taxa belonging to Inula L. (s.str.) and its allied genera viz., Pentanema Cass., Duhaldea DC., Dittrichia Greuter and Iphiona Cass., have been analyzed from Pakistan and Kashmir for their phenolic compounds. Analysis was carried out by two dimensional chromatography. Spectral analysis was performed on Shimadzu UV-spectrophotometer. The chemical data of this intricate group also support the generic delimitation of Dittrichia by having O-coumaric acid and Sakuranetin, while tricin 5-glucoside is exclusive for Iphiona and Duhaldea is distinctive by the presence of Vitexin and Isovitexin. However, Inula and Pentanema shared a mix pattern of compounds which points out the close relationship of both genera as compared to other genera of this group.

POLLEN FLORA OF PAKISTAN - XVII. ILLECEBRACEAE
ABSTRACT:
Pollen morphology of 6 species belonging to 5 genera of the family Illecebraceae from Pakistan has been investigated using light microscope and scanning microscope. It is an eurypalynous family. Pollen grains usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, oblate-spheroidal to spheroidal, tricolpate or porate. Tectum scabrate-punctate. On the basis of apertural types

CLEOME PAKISTANICA (CAPPARIDACEAE) - A NEW ENDEMIC SPECIES FROM PAKISTAN
ABSTRACT:
The subsp. pakistanica of Cleome heratensis Bunge et Bien. Ex Boiss., is raised to species level as Cleome pakistanica (Jafri) S. Khatoon & A. Perveen.

ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS OF AVENA SPP., AND ALOPECURUS MYOSUROIDES IN WINTER WHEAT FIELDS
ABSTRACT:
Avena spp. and Alopecurus myosuroides are noxious weeds in many cereal-growing regions of Turkey. The aim of the study was to estimate economic thresholds of wild oat and black grass in terms of costs and returns in different wheat fields. The trials were conducted in 2000-2002 in two different wheat fields, which were selected to be a representative for Samsun province. In these fields, the plots each 2 m2 in size had different weed densities of 1, 5

INVASIVE WEED SPECIES IN ONION PRODUCTION SYSTEMS DURING THE LAST 25 YEARS IN AMASYA, TURKEY
ABSTRACT:
Many weed species are introduced in new region by accident and some of them become component of natural flora. In order to introduce invasive weed species and influence of agricultural practices on weed flora, the results of two surveys, which were performed in 1976 and 1999-2000 in Amasya province, were compared. As 23 weed species were recorded in the first survey, 87 weed species were identified in the second survey. According to the density, the most common species in the first survey were Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, Convolvulus arvensis, Heliotropium europaeum and Solanum nigrum. In the second survey, it was found that Xanthium strumarium, Cirsium arvense, Sinapis arvensis, Galium aparine and Bifora radians have gained more importance over a period of 25 years. It was assumed that use of the same weed control methods, rotations, contaminated crop seed and fertilizing greatly altered weed species composition.

EFFECT OF CULTURAL AND CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL METHODS ON WEED POPULATION AND YIELD OF COTTON
ABSTRACT:
Effect of cultural and chemical weed control methods on weed population and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar "CIM-443" was studied under field conditions during 1999. Weed control treatments were: no weeding (control), two hoeings [(3 + 6 weeks after sowing (WAS)], one hoeing (3 WAS) + one earthing-up (6 WAS), S-metolachlor @ 2.4 kg a.i.ha-1, S-metolachlor @ 2.4 kg a.i.ha-1 + one hoeing (6WAS), S-metolachlor @ 2.4 kg a.i.ha-1 + one earthing-up (6WAS). All weed control treatments increased sympodial branches per plant, total number of bolls per plant, number of open bolls per plant, seed cotton yield and decreased weed biomass significantly over control. Maximum seed cotton yield (2207.77 kg ha-1) was obtained in S-metolachlor treated plots and minimum from weedy check (1377.77 kg ha-1). Different weed control treatments gave 39.85% to 60.24% more yield and 29.40% to 53.14% more net monetary return over the control.

RELATIONSHIP AMONG YIELD COMPONENTS AND SELECTION CRITERIA FOR YIELD IMPROVEMENT IN WINTER RAPESEED BRASSICA NAPUS L.)
ABSTRACT:
Twenty-five winter type rapeseed varieties introduced from diverse sources of the world were studied for variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path analysis of seed yield and yield components. Significant differences among genotypes for most of the traits indicated that there is sufficient variability available to have an effective selection. Genotypic and phenotypic variances were highest for pods/plant followed by plant height, whereas the maximum genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability were found in seed yield/plant and pods/plant, respectively. Broad sense heritability estimates ranged from very low to high. Maximum heritability of 0.903 was obtained for days to maturity followed by flower duration (0.662), seed weight (0.548) and seed yield (0.477). High heritability for flower duration, seed weight and seed yield coupled with high genetic advance indicated that these traits could be improved through mass selection. Positive and significant correlation was found between seed yield and harvest index, seed weight and flower duration. Significant and positive correlation of seed weight with harvest index, flower duration and seed yield indicated that improvement in seed weight will give higher harvest index ultimately resulting high seed yield. Harvest index, seed weight and pods/plant have shown a considerable direct positive effect on seed yield. Positive direct effect of seed weight and harvest index associated with significant and positive correlation with seed yield suggested that these yield components may be a good selection criteria to improve seed yield of winter type rapeseeds.

SELECTION OF STABLE RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) GENOTYPES THROUGH REGRESSION ANALYSIS
ABSTRACT:
Twenty-five elite genotypes of winter rapeseed were evaluated through regression analysis for their phenotypic stability in seven cold and six mild cold regions of Iran. Sufficient GE interaction was exhibited by the genotypes for seed yield which is pre-requisite to regression and stability analysis Across the 13 environments, Alice and Olera genotypes were at par and produced 3.40 t/ha. Thirteen genotypes showed above average mean performance. Erumia (cold) and Islamabad (mild cold) regions with yield of 4.35 t/ha were found suitable for this germplasm. Both linear as well non-linear components of GE interaction were significant and reflected the differential response of the tested genotypes to different environmental changes. Regression coefficients ranged from 0.29 to 1.35 in Syn-1 and DP-94-8 respectively. Four genotypes (Symbol, Fornax, Parade and Okapi) had b-values close to unity with average performance and low deviation from regression (S2d), and were suitable for wider range of environments. Orient, Cocktail, Alice, Olera, Reg x Cob and SML-046 were found suitable for favourable environments due to their regression coefficients greater than unity, above average performance and low S2d. Due to below average response (b<1) and least S2d, Eurol, Hansen, Colvert, Mohican, Orkan and VDH-8003 were suitable for poor environments. The performance of GWC, Licord and Consul was unpredictable because of their significant S2d.

GENOTYPE - ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION FOR GRAIN YIELD IN CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.)
ABSTRACT:
Twenty-five genotypes of chickpea were evaluated for stability of grain yield under 12 diverse environments within Pakistan. The interaction between the genotypes and environments (G X E interaction) was used as an index to determine the yield stability of genotypes under all the environments. The G X E interaction was highly significant and both linear as well as non-linear components were equally important for determining the yield stability. Since the regressions (bi) were not significantly different from linearity, therefore, stable performance of the varieties could not be predicted on 'bi' alone. In this case, deviations from regression and the cultivars yield were used to judge the superior genotypes. The genotypes; '96051', '90280', 'C44', '91A039', 'NCS95004', 'NCS950010', 'NCS950180', '99101', 'A-16', '91A001', 'NCS950012' and '93009' produced above average yield. The genotypes '96051' and '98280' gave highest grain yield but their high deviation from regression showed fluctuation in the performance under different environments. The genotypes 'C44', 'NCS950183' and '93009' had also above average yield but their low deviation from regression revealed more stable performance compared to others.

EXPLOITATION OF VIGNA MUNGO (L.) HEPPER GERMPLASM USING MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS BASED ON AGRONOMIC TRAITS
ABSTRACT:
Twenty one genotypes representing a broad based germplasm were selected for evaluation using multivariate analyses for two years. High genetic variance was observed for plant height, maturity, pods, seed weight, biomass, grain yield and harvest index. The genotypes, Mash 3, 9039, 9067, 9010, 9026, 9092, 9005, 9025 and 9020 were observed early and uniform in maturity. First four PCs contributed 80.0% of variation during 1998 and 80.9% during 1999. Five yield contributing traits, i.e., branches, pods, pod length, biomass and grain yield were observed important for first component during both the years. PC2 was more related to maturity traits rather than reproductive traits. Five genotypes were separated from others during both the years. Cluster analysis revealed that only a portion of genetic diversity has been exploited, and it is suggested to broaden the genetic base of cultivated blackgram involving diverse parents in breeding programme for future use.

RADIOSENSITIVITY STUDIES IN BASMATI RICE
ABSTRACT:
Three Basmati rice varieties (Basmati 370, Basmati Pak, and Super Basmati) were used to examine varietal differences in radiosensitivity to gamma radiation. Dry seeds of rice varieties were exposed to 150

IN VITRO CALLUS INDUCTION, ITS PROLIFERATION AND REGENERATION IN SEED EXPLANTS OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) VAR.LU-26S
ABSTRACT:
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the most suitable concentration of growth regulators i.e.

THE MORPHOLOGICAL, ANATOMICAL AND KARYOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ENDEMIC SALVIA HYPARGEIA FICH. & MEY. (LAMIACEAE) IN TURKEY
ABSTRACT:
In this study, morphological, anatomical and chromosome properties of Salvia hypargeia Fich. & Mey. which is an endemic plant of the Irano-Turanien phytogeographic region were investigated. The glandular and eglandular hair of this species were examined and classified. Morphologically, it was observed that the species have a perennial root system, the herbaceous stem is rectangular, leaves are simple type, glandular and eglandular hairs are present on the both surface of leaves. At the same time, inflorescence is raceme, kalix and corolla are bilabiate and also species contain two B type of stamen. Anatomically, the internal morphological properties of root, stem, leaf and petiole were determined. Chromosome morphology of this species was examined and diploid chromosome number was found to be 2n=22.

PLANT, FLOWER, FRUIT AND SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF FIVE GENERATION INBRED SUMMER SQUASH LINES (CUCURBITA PEPO L.)
ABSTRACT:
In this study five generation inbred lines of summer squashes (Cucurbita pepo L.) were developed through inbreeding by using earliness as the selection criteria where plant, flower, fruit and seed charecteristics were investigated. Plants were grown in two seasons in a year. In 1999, six inbred lines [Safir 1

PLASMID BORNE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE FACTORS AMONG INDIGENOUS KLEBSIELLA
ABSTRACT:
About fifty indigenous clinical Klebsiella were isolated and identified on the basis of morphology, growth, and biochemical characteristics. Fifty two percent were identified as K. oxytoca, 42% as K. pneumoniae and 6% as K. ozaenae. All the isolates offered different resistance patterns (determined by medium incorporation-replica method) against antibiotics including ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, ofloxacin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Some of the representative isolates lost the antibiotic resistance after acridine orange mediated curing. Two methods (uninterrupted tube method and solid substrate mediated mating) were tried for in vivo gene transfer studies for determining the conjugative/ transferable nature of the drug resistance plasmid markers. In only one out of five mating (filter paper) experiments, chloramphenicol and ampicillin resistance markers were transferred to the recipient E. coli MD40 cells. The rest of the plasmid borne markers were non-conjugative/nontransferable. Conjugative plasmids carry a tremendous potential to disseminate resistance markers to distant recipient cells.

ALPAKESIOPSIS GEN. NOV., AND ADDITION TO COELOMYCETES FROM PAKISTAN
ABSTRACT:
Alpakesiopsis gen.nov., and A. ghaffari sp.nov., belonging to Ceolomycetes are illustrated, described and compared with related taxa.