One of the main abiotic factors influencing crop production and yield is salt stress. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) serves as a valuable model crop for developing salt-resistant cultivated varieties through targeted breeding strategies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how three quinoa cultivars-'UAF-Q7' (Q-1), 'White Quinoa' (Q-2), and 'Hybrid Quinoa' (Q-3)-reacted biochemically and morpho-physiologically to different salt stress levels. NaCl solutions at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mmol/L were used to pretreat the seeds. To learn more about the mechanisms underlying quinoa's resistance to salt, we assessed several physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as seed germination, growth, and biomass production. The findings showed that the seed germination index, germination potential, and germination percentage first increased and then significantly decreased as the NaCl content rose, due to genetic variability among different species. In a similar vein, increased salinity was followed by a decrease in plant biomass, chlorophyll content, relative water content, soluble proteins, and antioxidant enzymatic activity including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Interestingly, at 200 mmol/L NaCl, the antioxidant enzyme activities of Q-1 and Q-2 leaves were much higher than those of Q-3 71.8%, 55.5%, and 38.9% respectively. Additionally, the aerial leaves of all cultivars showed a considerable rise in soluble sugars, proline, and malondialdehyde content as the concentration of NaCl increased due to high metabolic seed activity. These results show that Q-1 and Q-2 have better physiological responses, stronger enzymatic activity, and greater salt tolerance than Q-3. This study emphasizes how quinoa may be used as a model for breeding salt-resistant cultivars and how useful it is for creating salt-tolerant crops for use in saline-affected areas and improving agricultural practices.

It is believed that acid sulfate soils can be used for rice cultivation after undergoing a proper reclamation program. A field trial was therefore conducted on an acid sulfate soil in Malaysia to determine the effects of applying ground magnesium limestone (GML) with or without bio-fertilizer addition on the changes in soil chemical properties as well as the growth and yield of rice. Rice seedlings of MR219 variety were transplanted into each of the experimental plots. The treatments were GML (0, 2 and 4 t ha-1) in combination with bio-fertilizer (0 and 0.25 t ha-1). The initial soil pH (before treatment) was 3.78, while the exchangeable Al and extractable Fe were high, with values of 2.82 cmolc kg-1 and 211.01 mg kg-1, respectively. As such, the untreated soil condition was unsuitable for rice cultivation. This was evidenced by the scanning electron microscopic study, which showed clearly serious rice root injury due to the presence of high concentration of Al3+ and Fe2+ in the untreated soil. Application of GML at 2 t ha-1 in combination with 0.25 t bio-fertilizer ha-1 increased soil pH to 5.25 from 3.78 (control plot). The treatment resulted in the reduction of Al3+ and Fe2+ concentration in the soil to the minimal level that eventually increased rice grain yield from 2.12 (control plot) to 3.99 t ha-1. The increase in rice yield was due mainly to the significant enhancement of the soil fertility when GML was applied together with a bio-fertilizer, fortified with N2-fixing bacteria and micronutrients. Thus, the combination of GML and bio-fertilizer is considered as an effective, sound and appropriate agro-tech to sustain rice production on acid sulfate soils found in Malaysia

A study was conducted to explore the potential of biochar (BC) in mitigating nickel (Ni) toxicity and remediating soil conditions in two spinach varieties, Desi and Green Gold. We subjected these plants to two BC treatment levels (16.25 and 32.5 grams) in conjunction with a 5 mM Ni treatment. The results showed that the application of 32.5 g of BC per pot significantly improved the length, fresh and dry weight of both shoot and root components, while Ni stress had adverse effects on these growth parameters. Photosynthetic pigments, including chl a, chl b, total chl, and carotenoids, were found to increase markedly under Ni stress conditions when 32.5 g of BC was applied. Biochar also exhibited its ability to reduce the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at this treatment level. This reduction was attributed to the enhanced activity of enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), while Ni stress led to elevated MDA and H2O2 levels. Regarding organic osmolytes, the 32.5 g BC treatment showed significant improvements in glycine betaine, total soluble proteins, and total soluble sugars. This mitigated the toxic effects of Ni stress on the plants. Furthermore, BC was found to enhance the uptake of beneficial mineral ions such as calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K+), while reducing the concentration of harmful sodium (Na+) under Ni stress conditions. In short, the application of 32.5 g of BC per pot had a multifaceted positive impact on the spinach plants. It improved their growth, photosynthetic pigments, organic osmolytes, antioxidants, and ionic content, while simultaneously reducing the oxidative stress induced by Ni. This comprehensive amelioration of Ni stress conditions highlights the potential of BC as an effective strategy for promoting plant health and remediating soil contaminated with Ni.

The restoration of mangrove wetland habitats involves designing trails that consider the sustainable use and value realization of mangroves. This study examines the damaged mangrove wetland in Lantian Village, Danzhou City, Hainan Province, using field surveys, spatial analysis, and landscape design. Three types of trails were selected, including ecological, recreational, and cultural. Trail planning considered directional layout and surrounding resource conditions, leading to the integration of key nodes such as photography platforms, bird-watching platforms, and volunteer service stations. These features support multiple functions, including coastal zone protection, eco-tourism, and nature education. The findings provide a valuable reference for restoring degraded high intertidal zones and inform similar restoration efforts elsewhere

Drought stress poses a significant threat to global wheat production and calls for a comprehensive understanding of plant metabolic adaptations, particularly within the rhizosphere. This study aimed to elucidate the metabolic pathway reprogramming in the wheat rhizosphere under drought conditions by performing an in silico analysis on two contrasting wheat varieties: the drought-sensitive Pakistan-13 and the drought-tolerant Dharabhi-11. Metabolite profiles were obtained using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and further analyzed through advanced computational methods to assess pathway enrichment and topology. Our findings reveal that both genotypes activate central metabolic pathways, including Aminoacyl-tRNA Biosynthesis and Alanine, Aspartate, and Glutamate Metabolism, which are integral to nitrogen assimilation and protein synthesis. However, Pakistan-13 exhibited a high impact in a limited number of pathways, while critical stress-responsive processes such as Proline Biosynthesis and ROS Detoxification were underrepresented. In contrast, Dharabhi-11 demonstrated a robust and diversified activation of its metabolic networks, with enhanced engagement in the TCA cycle, branched-chain amino acid metabolism, and antioxidative defense systems. These differences underline the superior drought tolerance of Dharabhi-11 and indicate that an efficient, integrated metabolic response is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis under water-deficit conditions. The insights from this study not only enhanced our understanding of rhizosphere metabolic dynamics under drought stress but also provide a strategic framework for targeted metabolic engineering and breeding. Such interventions could narrow the resilience gap between susceptible and tolerant varieties, ultimately contributing to the development of future climate-resilient wheat cultivars

In recent years, the adverse effects of excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural production have become increasingly evident, and environmental problems have also been caused worldwide. Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are crops with high output and consumption worldwide. Seaweed fertilizer is a kind of fermentation product obtained by processing seaweed. However, on which dilution factor of seaweed fertilizer has the best effect on the development of crop seedlings is yet to be determined. In this study, we investigated various dilutions of the seaweed fertilizer to determine the most appropriate dilution that has the most potent effect on the growth of cucumber and tomato seedlings. Studies have shown that when the dilution factor of the seaweed fertilizer dilution is 0.6%-1.2%, it substantially improves the seed germination indices, including Germination energy and Germination rate of cucumber and Tomato seedlings. Similarly, moderate seaweed fertilizer concentrations (0.8%) enhanced both crops' leaf and cotyledon areas. Stem thickness and height were also increased after applying seaweed fertilizers (from 0.6 to 1%). Photosynthetic pigments, including Chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll “b”, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, were also higher after moderate applications of seaweed fertilizer. The research results can be used as a reference for applying seaweed fertilizer dilution in cucumber and tomato seedling breeding

Epiphytic Tillandsia mainly uses its leaves to absorb water and nutrients from the air, so its root structure and function is rare studied. In this study, T. ionantha was used as the material to study the structure changes from the primary root to mature root, and to assess whether the roots have retention capacity of the heavy metals like the leaves. Results showed that the basic structure of the mature root system is the same as that of the primary root, composing of epidermal cells, the cortex, and vascular columns. With the maturity of the root system, these root structures change significantly. The epidermis thickens, the epidermal cells are broken, the cortical tissue begins to harden, the vascular column and the cortical cells are broken, an obvious hollow appears, and the inside of the cell changes from containing many organelles to having almost no organelles. These phenomena indicate that there is a gradual degradation process from vital to non-vital during the root growth of T. ionantha. The root surface of the mature roots of T. ionantha showed a certain degree of adsorption of the four metals, whereas the metal element content in the roots was not significantly different from the control. The results indicated that the root system of Tillandsia had an obvious exclusion capacity for the four metals, which was closely related to the degradation of the root system and the loss of its ability to transport nutrients

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are key elements required for plant growth and development and are the most common limiting nutrients that constrain net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. As a result of anthropogenic activities, N deposition has increased in subtropical regions of China; however, the impact of forest P associated with N is relatively scarce. Four treatments, including control, were set up in the forest of Castanopsis sclerophylla (seedlings) to evaluate the effects of long-term N and P applications on plant growth and water physiological characteristics. In the forest's understory, N, P, and combined N+P additions were applied to similar growth conditions in the 50-year-old secondary forest. The results show that the mid-day water potential of C. sclerophylla seedlings under the N+P addition treatments was significantly higher (p

This research investigated the influence of differing concentrations of Pleurotus pulmonarius fermentation broth (PP-FB) on the germination and seedling growth of wheat under salt stress conditions. Six treatment groups were established: sterile water (CK0), 0.8% NaCl (CK1), 2.0% PP-FB + 0.8% NaCl (F1), 1.0% PP-FB + 0.8% NaCl (F2), 0.5% PP-FB + 0.8% NaCl (F3) and 0.25% PP-FB + 0.8% NaCl (F4). Seeds of the wheat cultivar 'Jimai 22' were soaked for 12 hours, and parameters related to the germination period and seedling stage were measured. The results indicated that, in response to salt stress, the inclusion of 1.0% PP-FB resulted in improvements in wheat seed performance under salt stress conditions, with increases of 5.29% in germination rate, 47.37% in germination potential, and 44.28% in germination index compared to the salt stress control CK1. Compared to CK1, the root length, shoot length, dry weight and fresh weight of wheat seedlings showed increases of 93.98%, 106.35%, 87.23% and 87.40%, respectively. Furthermore, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in wheat seedlings decreased by 45.29% compared to CK1, while the contents of proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein increased by 55.29%, 31.27% and 7.71%, respectively. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased by 6.33%. The levels of Chlorophyll a (Chl a), Chlorophyll b (Chl b), total Chlorophyll [Chl (a+b)] and Carotenoids (Car) were enhanced by 7.56%, 7.69%, 7.62% and 42.47%, respectively, in comparison to CK1. As a result, under salt stress, PP-FB can encourage wheat seed germination and seedling growth.

 

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were successfully synthesized using Kalanchoe pinnata, member of the family Crassulaceae, leaf extract and zinc acetate as a precursor. This green synthesis method addresses the need for eco-friendly nanoparticle production and explores the potential of K. pinnata. UV–Vis analysis showed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 347 nm. FTIR confirmed the presence of biomolecules on the nanoparticle surface. SEM and particle size analysis revealed ZnONPs in the range of 50–120 nm, While EDX and XRD confirmed their elemental composition and crystalline structure, respectively. The synthesized ZnONPs exhibited strong antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities. Notably, they showed higher efficacy than plant extract alone, with the strongest antifungal effect against Aspergillus niger and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. These results suggest that K. pinnata mediated ZnONPs have significant biomedical potential. Future research should clarify the molecular mechanisms of K. pinnata mediated ZnONP synthesis, undertake comprehensive in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies, and optimize scalable production with stability assessments. Additionally, investigating controlled‑release formulations and synergistic effects with standard therapeutics will enhance their potential for practical biomedical applications

Ethnobotany and drug discovery are interconnected as it has played a pivotal role in the discovery of effective drugs for treatment of diseases in both humans and animals. Plants have historically played a crucial role in the discovery of therapeutic agents for upper respiratory tract infections, serving as a rich source of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties that justify their continued exploration.  The upper respiratory tract is the most frequently infected part of the respiratory system due to the direct exposure to the external environment. The research was aimed at selecting plants frequently used in the Northern Cyprus for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection and to screen their chemical constituents and antibacterial activities. The information on the plants were collected by administration of structured questionnaire to 60 respondents in Avtepe, Kuruova and Kaleburnu villages of the Karpaz region of Northern Cyprus base on their sociodemographic information. The collected plants were evaluated for their phytochemical constituents using qualitative screening and LC-MS. The disk diffusion, MIC and MBC assays were performed in order to determine the antimicrobial effects of collected plant extracts against the pathogenic bacteria involved in the upper respiratory system infections. The plants collected cuts across a number of families including Lamiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Malvaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Cupressaceae, Oleaceae, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae and Rutaceae. During the research, seventeen (17) plants were mention by the respondents to be effective in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections and the most frequently used plants belongs to the Lamiaceae (Salvia fruticosa (35.29%), Mentha spicata and (12.94%) Thymus capitatus (10.59%). Water is the popular solvent used for extraction (80%) and preparation in the form of tea is the most frequently used by the respondents (85%) among other methods.  According to the respondents, the plants are collected mostly from the wild sources (76.67%). The leaves were the most frequently used part of the plants as it constituted 80% of the responses. The extracts (20 mg/mL) were screened for antimicrobial activity using the disk diffusion and micro-dilution on S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, and K. pneumoniae. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, Steroids/Triterpenoids and cardiac glycosides. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, jaceosidin, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin and others were identified in appreciable amounts in the selected plant extracts by LC-MS/MS. The zone of inhibition of growth produced ranged between 4.66 ± 0.47 mm to 20 ± 0.1 mm on the microorganisms. The standard antibiotic (ofloxacin 5µ) produced zone of 25.66 ± 0.94 mm. The MIC produced by the extracts ranged between 5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL. In the MBC only Thymus capitatus extract was found to be bactericidal on E. coli and P. aeruginosa with value of 10 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL respectively. This survey has identified important plants with potential application in treatment upper respiratory tract infections and other bacterial infections

Excessive use of synthetic fertilizers adversely affects the nutritional quality of Moringa oleifera L. and poses serious environmental risks. In contrast, organic amendments can sustainably enhance plant growth and nutrient accumulation by improving soil fertility and physiological efficiency. To address this, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of organic and inorganic amendments on the morpho-physiological, biochemical, and mineral responses of different M. oleifera genotypes. The experiment comprised two factors: (a) nutrient management strategies, including organic, inorganic, and integrated applications, and (b) genotypic variation, arranged under a completely randomized design (CRD). Results revealed that organic and inorganic amendments significantly enhanced plant height and leaf area index by 36% and 41%, respectively, compared with the control. Photosynthetic pigments and physiological parameters such as carotenoids, relative water content, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance were also markedly improved, particularly under the integrated treatment (50% recommended fertilizer + Bacillus + compost). Antioxidant activities (SOD and CAT) and metabolite accumulation (total soluble proteins and phenolic contents) increased notably, accompanied by greater uptake of essential minerals (N, P, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn). Among the genotypes, Gulrez North Karachi (GNK) exhibited the most pronounced response across all measured attributes. Overall, the combined application of organic and inorganic amendments demonstrated superior performance over sole applications, indicating its potential as a sustainable and environmentally sound nutrient management approach to enhance M. oleifera growth, productivity, and nutritional value. These findings provide a scientific foundation for future studies exploring underlying molecular and signaling pathways

Around the world, wild edible fruits (WEFs) hold an essential place among plants with significant economic and nutrition value. WEFs appear to be used more frequently and extensively in developing and under-developed nations that experience food insecurity. Due to the diversity of bioactive substances found in WEFs, including antioxidants, many species have a significant function in the treatment of various illnesses. The present study is aimed to analyze the nutritional potential and phytochemical composition of some selected fruits from the western Himalayan region. A total of 8 different fruit species are selected; Berberis lycium, Capsicum frutescens var. cerasiforme, Diospyros kaki, Diospyros lotus, Ficus auriculata, Punica protopunica, Zanthoxylum armatum, Ziziphus jujuba. WEFs are collected from different localities of Western Himalayas and then identified using Flora of Pakistan. Proximate composition including Moisture Content (MC), Ash Content (AC), Crude Fiber (CFr), Crude Fat (CF), Crude Protein (CP), Carbohydrate Content and Total Energy Content were determined using standard methods. Among Phytochemical screening Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were determined. All the powdered fruit samples were also analyzed under Fourier Transformed Infra-Red (FT-IR) Spectroscopy for further characterization. Among the selected fruits Ficus auriculata (88.11±0.1%) contained the highest moisture content whereas Zanthoxylum armatum (23.5±0.2%) had quite low moisture content. All fruits are rich source of energy with Ziziphus jujuba (425.36±0.32 kcal/100g), Zanthoxylum armatum (411.26±0.75 kcal/100g) and Berberis lycium (401.1±1.15 kcal/100g) having energy value in the range of 400 kcal/100g. Regarding the phytochemical composition, Zanthoxylum armatum had higher values for both phenolics and flavonoids (5.1mg,7.4mg). Specifically, Berberis lycium and Punica protopunica showed the highest value i.e., 5.6 mg GAE/g-dw for total phenolic content. FT-IR analysis of each fruit sample confirmed its richness in biologically active functional groups.

This study aimed to determine the optimal harvest time for two apricot cultivars (cv. Hacıhaliloğlu and Kabaaşı) by evaluating physical, chemical, and sensory changes during a 13-week ripening period. Fruit samples were collected at 7-day intervals throughout the study. Parameters such as weight, length, width, thickness, sphericity, color (L*, a*, b*), color indices, soluble solids content (SSC), pH, firmness, elasticity, phenolic content (gallic acid and catechin), and organic acids (citric acid and ascorbic acid) were evaluated. According to the results, a steady increase in physical properties was observed in both cultivars during ripening. Color values (L*, a*, b*) became brighter and more saturated as ripening progressed. The sugar-to-acid ratio increased in the later weeks, accompanied by an increase in pH and a decrease in titratable acidity. SSC generally increased but decreased slightly in the last weeks. Both organic acids (citric and ascorbic acid) and phenolic compounds (gallic acid and catechin) tended to decrease during ripening. While citric acid content in cv. Kabaaşı decreased significantly in the last week, it remained at a higher level in cv. Hacıhaliloğlu. These results indicate that the 12th week of ripening represents the optimal harvest time for both apricot cultivars to achieve maximum quality and full ripeness

The production of cotton is delayed by the global differences in environmental conditions. A two-year field study was conducted in 2021 and 2022 at experimental fields in Baluchistan and Sindh investigated the impact of two sowing dates on yield and quality indicators within three cotton genotypes. A split plot within a randomized complete block design was established three replications, with the main plots assigned into two sowing dates (March 30th and April 30th in both years) and three genotypes: CRIS-510, CRIS-543, and CRIS-585 were designated in subplots. The analysis showed that delayed planting led to enhanced vegetative growth but failed to boost lint percentage and overall yield. In contrast, earlier planting facilitated flowering and boll development under lower temperatures. Genotypes CRIS-543 and CRIS-585 exhibited the highest plant height, bolls per plant, boll weight, and cotton seed yield per hectare, along with superior lint percentage (ginning out turn), fiber length, micronaire value, and fiber strength when sown on April 30th compared to March 30th at the experimental site in Baluchistan relative to Sindh. The findings revealed that overall genotype of CRIS-543 significantly performed better than CRIS-510 and CRIS-585 in term of cotton yield and fiber quality in Baluchistan, particularly when sown on April 30th. However, sowing before or after March 30th resulted in lower performance, possible due to a shorter and less favorable growth period. Optimal sowing time around April 30th allowed genotype CRIS-543 to fully utilize the growing season, and resulted in higher yield and better fiber quality. These results emphasize the importance of genotypes selection and accurate sowing time for maximizing the cotton production. This research has broader implication for cotton production in Pakistan, as it provides region specific recommendation that can help farmers in Baluchistan and Sindh to improve yield and fiber quality, contributing to sustainability and profitability of the national cotton sector

Present taxonomic status of the taxa belonging to the sedge family (Cyperaceae Juss.), widespread in the southern part of the Lesser Caucasus within the borders of Azerbaijan, was studied. It was determined that 12 genera and 31 species of the family were widespread in the boggy vegetation in the studied area. Using geobotanical and floristic methods, 4 formation classes, 4 formations, and 8 associations have been recognized in the boggy vegetation of the lowland area of Karabakh. It has been established that the satellites of the species are sedges (Carex sp.), characteristic of lowland areas. Expeditions were carried out along certain routes to the lowland areas of Karabakh. Based on the CPS data of the species encountered here, GIS maps of the ranges of the species belonging to the family, as well as the expedition routes, were developed (Arc GIS Pro 3.3). As a result, 12 genera and 31 species belonging to the Cyperaceae Juss. family were identified in the boggy vegetation of the lowland regions of Karabakh.

The aim of the study is to investigate, from an ecological-anatomical perspective, the anatomical adaptation features formed in the pharmaceutically significant species Tribulus terrestris L. under phytocontamination conditions, thereby scientifically determining its stress-resistance mechanisms, ecological plasticity potential, and bioindicator capacities. The study demonstrated that this plant exhibits high tolerance to the phytocontamination process and maintains its ability to develop normally in areas containing various pollutants. Collected plant specimens were fixed, processed with appropriate reagents in the laboratory, and prepared for sectioning. Transverse and longitudinal sections obtained from the specimens were transferred to permanent slides following histological staining procedures. Anatomical analyses were performed using modern LED microscopes. As a result of the phytocontamination process, pigmentized anomalous black-colored intercellular and dark yellow intracellular accumulations (likely phytotoxins) were identified in all vegetative organs. Additionally, the accumulation of pigmentized callose (presumably phytotoxic callose) in the phloem elements of the vascular systems was recorded. Numerous large pigmentized druse crystals (likely druse-toxins) were observed in the leaf mesophyll, parenchyma cells of the petiole, and in the pith and cortex of the stem. Thickening of cell walls in the epidermal tissue surrounding vegetative organs and modification of the cuticle layer were interpreted as stress-response reactions to contaminants. Collenchymatous sclerenchyma areas located at the boundary with the phloem of conductive bundles in the leaf and petiole can be explained as the transformation of modified collenchyma into sclerenchyma. For the first time in the flora of Azerbaijan, the study identified the presence of a Kranz anatomical structure in the leaflets as a specific anatomical characteristic of T. terrestris. The scientific and practical significance of the ecological-anatomical investigation, which determined the tolerance structure and its identification under phytotoxic conditions, may serve as a biomarker for adaptive changes that could occur in other plant species under similar conditions

This review focuses on rare, endemic, and wild species of the genus Ribes in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It highlights species listed in national and international Red Lists and discusses the primary threats they face, such as habitat degradation, climate change, and anthropogenic pressure. The review provides details on species distribution, ecological characteristics, and altitudinal ranges, emphasizing the high degree of habitat fragmentation and narrow ecological specialization of most species. The importance of regional monitoring, comprehensive floristic studies, and genetic research is underscored. The review also explores current conservation techniques, including seed and vegetative propagation, In vitro micropropagation and cryopreservation. The limited development of protocols for most rare Ribes species is identified as a significant barrier to effective conservation efforts. It also considers integrated conservation strategies that combine In situ, Ex situ, and quasi In situ approaches. Emphasis is placed on the need for international cooperation, the creation of botanical databases, and the incorporation of biotechnological methods into conservation practices. Preserving Ribes biodiversity requires a multifaceted approach, combining scientific, technological, and legal solutions to ensure the long-term survival of these species

Spread of herbicide resistant Phalaris minor is a key issue for sustainable wheat production around the globe. The response of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl resistant P. minor biotypes to clodinafop-propargyl was evaluated using the classical bioassay. Results revealed fenoxaprop-p-ethyl resistant P. minor biotypes (PM FSD 1 and PM MBD 5) have developed cross resistance to clodinafop-propargyl. LD50 values of cross-resistant biotypes were 57.18 and 90.70 g a.i. ha-1 compared to the susceptible biotype (25.76 g a.i. ha-1). The level of cross-resistance for PM FSD 1 and PM MBD 5 was 2.22 and 3.52. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of ACCase resistance in P. minor were studied by extracting ACCase enzyme followed by spectro-photometric assay and DNA extraction followed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting, respectively. The results revealed that more ACCase activity (2.49 nmol HCO-3 mg-1 protein min-1) was recorded in PM MBD 5 followed by PM FSD 1 (resistant biotypes). In contrast, less ACCase activity (0.95 nmol HCO-3 mg-1 protein min-1) was observed in susceptible biotypes. All the resistant biotypes had many folds more fenoxaprop-p-ethyl dose needed to inhibit 50% ACCase activity compared to susceptible ones. Among resistant biotypes, PM MBD 5 had the highest I50 value (9.35µM) and maximum protein concentration (0.69 mg ml-1). Translation of the DNA sequence to the amino acid sequence showed that susceptible biotype had tryptophan (Trp, W) amino acid while resistant biotypes had cysteine (Cys, C) amino acid. Cysteine amino acid gave the resistance against ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. Confirmation of cross-resistance and novel insights into the physiological mechanisms of ACCase resistance will help to develop effective strategies for sustainable management of P. minor

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is extensively cultivated as a specialty cut flower in many parts of the world and is increasingly popular in Asian cut flower markets. Being a relatively new cut flower crop in the region, its production practices ought to be optimized to get the best possible cut stem production. Five production experiments were conducted: 1. planting time, 2. planting method, 3. planting density, 4. macro and micro-nutrients along with biostimulants and 5. varietal evaluation. Tallest plants with highest fresh and dry weight of the stem were noted when planted on 19 May, followed by 3 May. Shortest production time was also recorded for planting on 19 May followed by 3 May. Tallest plants with greatest stem fresh weight, stem dry weight and smallest flower diameter were recorded when plants were grown on ridges, followed by raised beds, while least production time was observed for plants grown on flat beds.  Plants transplanted at 15×15 cm were the tallest plants and had the greatest flower quality. Greatest flower diameter and shortest production time were recorded for plants grown on 30×30 cm spacing. The intermediate spacings of 15×22.5 cm, 22.5×22.5 cm, 22.5×30 cm produced intermediate results for most variables.  For nutritional study, application of NPK + isabion (0.4%) produced tallest plants with greatest flower diameter and shortest production, followed by NPK + humic acid (0.4%), which also had greatest stem diameter along with NPK alone. Among varieties, ‘Tall Red Sun’ produced the tallest plants followed by ‘Vincent Choice’, while ‘Vincent Choice’ produced stems with the shortest production time and had best quality cut stems. In summary, ‘Vincent Choice sown on 19 May produced best quality stems, while planting on ridges or raised beds with 15×15 cm plant spacing and fertilization with NPK along with isabion proved best for optimal stem length and flower diameter with least production time and may be used for high quality cut sunflower production

Weeds are problematic or a resource; it depends on how they are recognized by mankind. Some weeds are medicinally important and also play a vital role in maintaining biodiversity, which needs to be explored for their services in the ecosystem. The basic needs of humans are food, fuel, medicine, fiber etc. all of these are ever provided by the plants since the birth and evolution. Pakistan is rich in medicinal flora, having traditional systems of medicine, a large proportion of the area is dependent on these medicinal plants. About 10% of the global plant diversity exists in Pakistan. The present review describes the biology, ecology, medicinal properties and potential utilization of wild safflower (Carthamus oxyacantha M. Bieb). Wild safflower belongs to the family Asteraceae, grow as wild with the ability to survive in dry and stress conditions. It is an annual bushy and thorny plant mainly found in Southern regions of Pakistan. The plant bears yellow flowers which attract pollinators and plays a significant role in biodiversity. At younger stages, people often use this plant as animal fodder, while its seeds are favorite food of birds particularly doves. This plant makes harvesting wheat difficult due to presence of thorns. Seeds are rich sources of vitamin A, phosphorus, iron, protein, sugars, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. It can be used as manure, seed-oil in cooking and a nutritious feed for livestock. The plant decreases the risk of degenerative diseases having a protective effect against oxidative stress. It contains numerous organic compounds that are pharmacologically active such as glycosides, flavonoids, and essential oils, and has potential, hepatoprotective, anticancer, neuroprotective, antihyperlipidemic antimicrobial properties. The oil content of C. oxycantha has potential application for biodiesel production. Considering its unique ecological adaptation, medicinal properties and potential for biodiesel production, proper domestication and conservation measures are needed for its commercialization.

 

This review focuses on rare, endemic, and wild species of the genus Ribes in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It highlights species listed in national and international Red Lists and discusses the primary threats they face, such as habitat degradation, climate change, and anthropogenic pressure. The review provides details on species distribution, ecological characteristics, and altitudinal ranges, emphasizing the high degree of habitat fragmentation and narrow ecological specialization of most species. The importance of regional monitoring, comprehensive floristic studies, and genetic research is underscored. The review also explores current conservation techniques, including seed and vegetative propagation, In vitro micropropagation and cryopreservation. The limited development of protocols for most rare Ribes species is identified as a significant barrier to effective conservation efforts. It also considers integrated conservation strategies that combine In situ, Ex situ, and quasi In situ approaches. Emphasis is placed on the need for international cooperation, the creation of botanical databases, and the incorporation of biotechnological methods into conservation practices. Preserving Ribes biodiversity requires a multifaceted approach, combining scientific, technological, and legal solutions to ensure the long-term survival of these species

Leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) is the most widespread and regularly occurring rust on wheat. In most parts of the world, wheat production is significantly threatened by leaf rust (LR). For sustainable yield, the most effective approach of disease control is the incorporation of resistance LR genes into superior wheat gene pool. Identifying and characterizing new sources of LR resistance are crucial. Although numerous significant, LR genes for qualitative resistance have been found in wheat. Along with this, more beneficial quantitative resistance sources are still being explored to combat LR. This review refers to 249 LR resistance QTL and covers studies reported from January 1971 to January 2024. Reviewing the QTLs for LR resistance found in bi-parental and association-mapping (AM) studies, we evaluate them in comparison with those found in a 2015 QTL meta-analysis (Vasistha et al., 2024). We have assessed the progress made in locating the molecular markers for the quantitative trait loci (QTL) with respect to adult plant resistance (APR) for LR, which were mostly found in field research. Over the last fifty years, resistance loci for LR were mapped to genomic locations using chromosomal analysis and genome sequencing in bi-parental mapping populations, studies that encompass seventy-nine different donor lines for LR resistance. Furthermore, associations between adult-plant and seedlings resistance marker trait for LR have been found in overall seven association mapping studies in over 4,000 wheat genotypes. All twenty-one chromosomes of hexaploid (6x) wheat have adult plant LR resistance QTLs, with B genome harboring the most QTLs. Additionally, LR resistance QTLs are notably prevalent on the group 2 chromosomes. The A genome has the fewest QTLs linked with resistance LR

Antimicrobial medications can be found in abundance in naturally occurring substances. Microbial resistance is the primary cause of the current global difficulty in accelerating the discovery of new antimicrobial medications. 1-(2-Ethyl, 6-Heptyl) Phenol (EHP) is a naturally occurring substance compound that was previously obtained by benzene from Cuminum cyminum (C. cyminum, cumin) Egyptian seeds. It demonstrated great action towards numerous pathogenic microorganisms. The study was done on how EHP affected the structural characteristics and ultrastructure of Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus). Major modifications of morphological characteristics and alteration of ultrastructure of examined microbes were observed. Thus, this article describes the morphological and ultrastructural reductions in cellular structures that indicate the role of the evaluated natural product's antimicrobial efficacy which is derived from Cuminum cyminum which is cultivated in various regions

The aim of the current study was to synthesize and characterize the Bacillus subtilis-loaded starch nanoparticles against fungal pathogens. The starch nanobeads were synthesized via ultra-sonication and Bacillus subtilis was subsequently encapsulated onto the beads. The Bacillus subtilis loaded starch nanoparticles were characterized by XRD and SEM to confirm the crystalline structure and spherical shape of nanobeads. Bacillus subtilis loaded starch nanoparticles showed a Z-average size of 245 nm and zeta potential of −20.25 (mV) as indicated by zeta potentials. FTIR analysis demonstrated the interactions between starch nanobeads and Bacillus subtilus. The antifungal potential was tested against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium graminearum, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Verticllium dahlia, and Cladosporium cucumirinum. A clear inhibition zone and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was observed that indicates the significant antifungal effect of the Bacillus subtilis loaded starch nanoparticles. Functional effectiveness of Bacillus subtilis starch nanoparticles for practical uses could be among the primary concerns of future research